Virtual worlds

Unter den Linden, Second Life (Source: J. Yardley, goo.gl/uUavuM, under CC BY-SA 3.0 licence)

The nature of virtual worlds

Virtual worlds are fully simulated 3-dimensional digital environments, much like gaming environments, which users enter in the form of a character known as an avatar. Virtual worlds are sometimes also referred to as MUVEs (Multi-User Virtual Environments). The difference between virtual worlds and gaming environments is that the former do not typically involve the kinds of game-like goals, quests and challenges which are an integral part of the latter.

While virtual worlds have some commonalities with web 2.0, in that they facilitate multimodal interaction and collaboration, they are more closely linked to the web 3.0 concept of the geospatial web. Ten to fifteen years ago, virtual worlds were widely viewed as being at the cutting edge of educational technology development, with many educational institutions establishing a presence and running interactive classes and meetings on the best-known platform, Second Life. In the intervening years, interest in virtual worlds has waned as educators have turned their attention to forms of mobile learning which do not focus on a separate digital realm, but rather focus on (re-)integrating the virtual and the real through augmented reality (AR) and similar paradigms. Since the release of ChatGPT in late 2022, this shift of focus away from virtual worlds has continued, as generative AI has come to be seen as the new cutting edge of educational technology development. Note, too, that many technology companies have also pivoted away from the geospatial web and towards AI, notably in the case of Meta’s move away from its concept of the Metaverse. 

However, work is continuing on extended reality (XR) – encompassing both augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) – and, as a subset of VR platforms, virtual worlds may yet see a new lease of life with the increasing popularity of VR or XR headsets that offer a much more immersive experience than a flat computer monitor. Virtual reality simulations – for example, of locations inaccessible from a classroom, or of phenomena that cannot normally be directly viewed or experienced – are now coming to play an important role in education, especially though not exclusively in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) subjects. Moreover, we are just beginning to see the integration of XR and AI.

Learning with virtual worlds

For now, traditional virtual worlds continue to offer some opportunities for immersive, situated learning in a simulated environment. In a virtual world like Second Life, students can visit museums and galleries whose layouts match those of their real-world counterparts. They can visit simulations to learn about everything from the structure of molecules to customs in Ancient Rome. They can practise skills in areas ranging from patient-doctor consultations to urban design, building up confidence before embarking on real-world encounters or entering real-world scenarios. Given the linguistic nature of most avatar-to-avatar interactions, there is potential for language learning, with effective communication depending also on the development of digital literacies. There has been some discussion of the importance of situated cognition, based on the notion that embodiment has a major impact on the way we learn. Although avatars’ bodies, like virtual worlds themselves, are simulated, it may be that even simulated embodiment affects the nature of the learning that takes place. Related research is taking place in gaming environments, which combine many of the features of virtual worlds with game-oriented goals, as noted above. Machinima movies made in virtual worlds or gaming environments may also have educational value in presenting new perspectives on their subject matter.

For more information about Second Life, which can now be accessed either via a web browser or via dedicated software downloaded by users, take a look at the Second Life YouTube channel, and for more information on education in Second Life, see Second Life’s Education page (where you can set up an account to access the platform), the Second Life Wiki’s sections on Education and Second Life Education, or the Second Life for Educators Facebook Group.

Other virtual worlds include Decentraland, Meta’s Horizon, There, and the live events-based Sansar; note that Twinity went offline in 2021, and AltspaceVR was closed down in 2023. There are some virtual worlds for children, which typically roll virtual world, social networking and gaming features into a single platform; these include Habbo (formerly Habbo Hotel) and Whyville; note that the formerly popular Club Penguin/Club Penguin Island was closed down in 2017/2018, and Moshi Monsters was closed down in 2019. Although Teen Second Life was discontinued in 2011, teens can enter Second Life subject to certain restrictions.

Options for creating virtual worlds include the platforms Activeworlds, Kitely and OpenSimulator, as well as the downloadable Multiverse software. There is some overlap with game creation platforms, as covered on the gaming page of this site.

New AI-powered tools for generating virtual worlds (or virtual reality experiences) from text, images and videos are becoming available, including: Decart, Genie (Google), Marble (World Labs), Mirage and Voyager (Hunyuan).

Last update: February 2026.